2.dos Problems with present research

Since dowry was legitimately blocked into the Asia and you can Bangladesh, anybody always hesitate to tell you direct dowry wide variety. The standard question to your dowry regarding Indian dataset requires regarding the community-dependent dowry. Particularly, this new India Peoples Advancement Survey requires “Generally in the region having a household such as for instance your own, what are the brand of things that are provided as presents during the brand new daughter’s marriage?” A residential district-created dowry is not the just like sexy Morelia in Colombia women an individual dowry, which is paid down because of the bride’s mothers during the time of relationship. Instead, practical question out-of dowry lets only a binary address, i.e., even when an optimistic quantity of dowry is actually paid off (age.g., Questionnaire to your Updates of women and Fertility both in Asia and you will Pakistan). A digital address, naturally, does not promote far addiitional information. Typical out-of whether or not an optimistic dowry count is provided corresponds to, and is mostly informed me of the, ethnic, religious, and status experiences inside Southern area Asia.

As the dowry isn’t legitimately banned in the Pakistan, the amount yourself repaid from the feminine respondent’s mothers might be expected without booking inside a beneficial Pakistani dataset like the Pakistan Rural Home Questionnaire. Even in the event Pakistani interviewees might not purposefully hide genuine details about dowry techniques, new questionnaire could possibly get nevertheless incorporate keep in mind mistakes given that respondents have to keep in mind the new dowry matter paid off of the the mothers in the past. Contour 1a plots the new predict number of actual dowry beliefs counted from inside the Pakistani Rupees during the 2004 to relationship seasons having fun with studies off the fresh new Pakistan Rural Household Survey. As the opinion is the fact real dowry quantity was broadening, or at least exhibit a low-decreasing trend, the latest figure suggests all round tendency out of bear in mind problems. This basically means, the new lengthened the brand new gap involving the interviewees’ marriage and the keep in mind date, the much more likely they are in order to overestimate new dowry number.

Dating anywhere between ladies’ ounts. The newest range shows new predict genuine quantity of dowry regressed toward women’s marriage season. The shaded town shows 95% confidence interval of your forecast amount of dowry. The info resources of (a) and you may (b) was Pakistan Rural House Questionnaire 2004, in addition to outlying house questionnaire used from the creator from inside the 2013, correspondingly

step three Research

With the better of the education, study collected within this study are definitely the very first to consider explicitly a broad tendency to overestimate an amount repaid lengthy in the past. Much like the attributes regarding prior to now compiled data, ours also are retrospective; although not, predicated on it tendency, we like used certain jobs to reduce survey bear in mind mistakes. Like, we required the amount of both community-established dowry (non-retrospective) and personal dowry count paid down during the newest respondent’s marriage (retrospective). Because Pakistani dowry include silver/jewellery, clothing, furniture, kitchenware, etc, i queried dowry number by the product. When we considered a beneficial respondent’s overestimation of your own dowry matter, particularly in the case off a marriage that occurred a good while before, due to the fact dowry try shown, we can and you can performed look at these types of number with people who went to the latest service. Consequently, the study with the predict actual quantities of dowry (Fig. 1b) don’t inform you any coming down development, alternatively with those people stated in Fig. 1a.

step three.step 1 Questionnaire

When conducting our survey between , we intended to capture the heterogeneous aspects of the Punjab province in Pakistan. We divided Punjab (36 districts) into five regions: Pothohar (or North), Central, East, West, and South Punjab. Climate, culture (including marriage/inheritance practices), and socioeconomic conditions differ across regions but are similar within each region. We randomly selected one district from each region, namely, Rawalpindi, Mandi Bahauddin, Narowal, Muzaffargarh, and Bahawalnagar (Fig. 2). We used the district census for 1998–1999, the latest census available in Pakistan as of 2013, to randomly select six villages in rural areas in each of the five districts. We restricted sampling villages to those with a population of at least 1000 at the time of the census. In each village, we selected 22 households, following a stratified random sampling methodology. First, with assistance from the village chief, we made a list of households in the village and categorized them into a stratum. The strata are kammees Footnote 10 (i.e., traditional service or lower caste, with annual income ? PKR 200,000, > PKR 200,000) and zamindars (i.e., landowning farmers with land < 5,>12.5 acres). Eligible households in our survey are defined as those with an economically active husband and wife aged 15–65. Second, we performed stratified random sampling so that the share of each stratum in our sample corresponds to the share of each stratum of the village population (= households).